“Fahrenheit 451,” Written By Ray Bradbury, Is A Novel Set

â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† written by Ray Bradbury, is a novel set in the future about a dystopian society where people are told how to think and act. The story follows the protagonist, Montag, a fireman who is tasked with burning books instead of putting out fires. In this society, books are outlawed and seen as objects that do harm to people’s happiness and understanding of the world. Because of this, firemen are employed to burn the books and grant everyone the individual knowledge they deserve. The firemen believe they are doing a service to society by burning these books, however, Montague eventually finds that books are things of wonder. The author uses many literary devices to describe and explain the events occurring in the novel; however,†¦show more content†¦She is very different from children her age and Montag realized this the first time he ever talked to her. Clarisse makes Montag think about things that are unusual, such as how things were in the pas t and the face in the moon. Montag realizes that Clarisse sees things others do not, and she begins to make Montag think about the events that occur in his every day life. This marks the beginning of Montag asking himself questions and wondering about things that would be considered â€Å"odd.† Fire affects the novel’s main idea in a negative way by trying to destroy and cover-up the knowledge of the world so that only few people have power. This also means that those people, who do not have power, have no way of combatting the select few with power. Blood is another commonly used symbol in literature that Bradbury utilizes to convey the man idea of the novel. Symbolizing a corrupt or repressed soul or individual, blood in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† appears in the novel whenever a person is drawn from reality and is not seeing situations for what they truly have become. A major example of a character like this in the story is Mildred, Montag’s wife. Montag com es home from work one night and finds Mildred unresponsive in the bed. Montag called for help and two men with two obscure looking machines arrived at his house. It was found that Mildred had taken too much of her medication and she attempted suicide. One machine pumped fluid out of Mildred’s stomach while the other cleaned herShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreA Flame-Filled Foreboding Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There are worse crimes than book burning. One of them is not reading them.† The author of the novel in question, Ray Bradbury, said this statement regarding censorship and book burning, a main topic in his most famous novel Fahrenheit 451. The novel is set in a futuristic dystopia in which books and other activities that don’t offer instant gratification (such as being a pedestrian) are banned, and in the case of books, burned. Th e protagonist of the story, Guy Montag, goes about a journey of self-discoveryRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511266 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, in Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated: a censorship aspect intended for the book, social commentary, and the social critical analysis which relates to conflicts in our world today. To continue, censorship can be considered a â€Å"threat† to society, for example, Bradbury uses the concept of the overuse of media and how it can affect the world and the people around you. Furthermore, Bradbury’s key focus was to satirize the excessive use of television and the media as a news and entertainmentRead MoreCold War in the Eyes of Ray Bradbury1689 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury, from small town America (Waukegan, Illinois), wrote two very distinctly different novels in the early Cold War era. The first was The Martian Chronicles (1950) know for its â€Å"collection† of short stories that, by name, implies a broad historical rather than a primarily individual account and Fahrenheit 451 (1953), which centers on Guy Montag. The thematic similarities of Mars coupled with the state of the American mindset during the Cold War era entwine the two novels on the surfaceRead MoreFahrenheit 451: the Firemen851 Words   |  4 Pagesatomic war and Cold War conspiracies, provides an appropriate setting for the foundation of novels protesting government policies. Animal Farm, 1984, and other similar satires of the time period demand government reform. But Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 staunchly contrasts these other writings; rather than presenting some omniscient tale admonishing its audience of the dangers of government hierarchy, Bradbury uses satire to criticize primarily emerging trends in society, providing an account thatRead MoreFahrenheit 451 - Power of Books1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthe power of books. Fahrenheit 451 (1953), written by Ray Bradbury depicts a dystopian society which, due to the absence of books, discourages intellect and punishes free-will. As receptacles of knowledge, books give human beings a unique power, as they encourage and nurture intellect and understanding. The intellectual metamorphosis that Montag undergoes renders him aware of this fact, making him an incredibly dangerous figure in the society of Fahrenheit 451. Despite Montag’s understandingRead MoreSocial Darwinism in Fahrenheit 4512140 Words   |  9 PagesOutcasting in Fahrenheit 451 A variety of themes are addressed in Fahrenheit 451, most of which are prevalent to our current situation. Because of this, the book was originally banned for sending the wrong political message and having offensive language. Although there is much irony and humor in the fact that a book warning about the implications of banning books was banned, that topic of discussion has been well over mentioned to the point where the political and social message that Ray Bradbury was tryingRead MoreFahrenheit 4511345 Words   |  6 PagesBethany Edwards Censorship or Knowledge Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451 is a good example of censorship and restriction and the results of what can happen because of this. Ray Bradbury predicts in his novel that the future is without literature -- everything from newspapers to novels to the Bible. This novel is about a world that is so structured and censored that even a common fireman exist not to fight fires, for all buildings are fireproof, but instead to burn books. Books are made toRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesViolence Is Frequently Relevant To the Society in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 is a novel written by Ray Bradbury. In Bradbury’s futuristic novel, violence is prevalently revealed in the society. Violence in society is aggression, cruelty, rough or injurious physical actions and treatment towards the citizens and civilization in the society, where everyone has the same theory and beliefs on the way one should act. In Fahrenheit 451, everyone is careless and relatively violent with the exception

The System of Government Fascism Essay examples - 1740 Words

The System of Government Fascism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two†¦show more content†¦Nietzsche believed the ancient empires were developed from the master majority and the religious ideas and views grew out the slave majority. The idea of the overman or superman, which symbolized man at his most creative and Nietzsche, brought about highes t intellectual capacity as well. Hegel believed people should sacrifice for the community. He thought war was also necessary to unify the state, with peace bring nothing but a weak society. Hegel also sustained that laws should be made by the corporate organization of the state. Fascism values human nature in a group for the benefit of the community. The group as a whole is called the human will, which is ruled by a select group or one leader, with the power being passed down from top to bottom. Fascism seeks to organize an organization led mass movement in an effort to capture the state power. When the power is in the firm grip of the ruler, or IL Duce, the government will be used to control the population and everything in it so the community will be benefited. Fascisms ideal government would be fashioned around the good of the community or nation. Everyone would work for the benefit of the nation and that is all. Regularly this would take place with the merging of the state and business leadership, with concern only of the nation. In this the nation will also take care of its members if the need should arise. This could be money, shelter, food, or any other need thatShow MoreRelatedFascism : An Authoritarian And Nationalistic Right Wing System Of Governme nt And Social Organization1581 Words   |  7 PagesFascism is an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organisation. The ideology had influence in countries such as Japan, Italy and Germany during the 1930s and 40s. The term was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy from 1922-43. However, generally key components of the ideology include a supremacy of one national ethnic group within society, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leaderRead MoreBenito Mussolinis Doctrine of Fascism Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesDOCTRINE OF FASCISM Benito Mussolini outlines several essential characteristics of his preferred political ideology, Fascism, in what has become known as the Doctrine of Fascism. In this paper, Mussolini outlines his vision of the ideology, and explains the major issues that Fascism will address once it becomes the leading political system in Italy. 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Fascism is aRead MoreEssay on Italian and German Fascism: Similarities and Differences920 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 20th century there were a lot of rises and falls of many types of government. In some cases, two world wars influenced these events and multiple changes arose in power. The First World War gave way to such styles of rule as Fascism and Nazism. Very often these two ideologies are conflated as the same thing. However, while there are similarities between these concepts, a lot of differences also exist, that need to be mentioned. In order to understand these two movements, one should get toRead MoreThe Fascist Leader in Germany1151 Words   |  5 Pages Fascism was around approximately forty years. From 1921-1943, Mussolini was the Fascist leader in Italy and Hitler was the Fascist leader in Germany. Many people thought Fascism could improve their countries because the leaders who stepped up to power, promised great improvements. 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With all theses different types of government you have to wonder sometimes which one of theses forms of government would be the best to run the ideal society. In this paper I will compare and contrast; liberalism, social democracy, fascism, communism, and anarchy. Also I will give my opinion on which one of these forms of government would be the most ideal to run a modern day county or society. Before I can begin comparing and contrastingRead MoreAssess the Reasons Why Mussolini Was Appointed Prime Minister in 19221001 Words   |  5 Pagesstrengthened the appeal of fascism as it was the cure that Italy needed to get rid of the socialists. The fascists needed only to organise their party and take advantage of the open opportunity to seize power in Rome. However organisation of the party was no mean feat as it contained many different viewpoints from many members that had been sourced from some of the most extreme and militant movements in Italy. This is the first reason that made Mussolini key to the rise of fascism. He was able to control

Introduction to Management of ischemic disease - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Management of ischemic disease. Answer: Introduction In this report, BreadTalk group is taken to understand management. The external environmental analysis and issue analysis are taken to analyse Singapore economy and recommendations are also given on the economy of Singapore. The BreadTalk group is investment holding company and was founded in 2000 and has 1000 outlets in 17 locals. The company listed on the Singapore Exchange Limited in 2003 (Ying Hongcui, 2015). The group has bakery, restaurants and food atrium. The group has 850 bakeries and 26 restaurants in Singapore and Thailand. The company offers fresh products and do not use preservatives. The signature of BreadTalk is Floss Bun. The stores of group are located in the malls of Singapore and the company is also expanded internationally. The group has 746 outlets and more than 7000 employees in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China and the Middle East. The company also holds franchise for Din Tai Fung in Singapore. The signature dish of franchise is soup dumplings Xiao long ba o. The group also launches new range of products every six months according to seasonal trends. The bakery contributes 52% of revenue, food republic 29% and restaurants around 19%. The group offers franchising opportunities. The outlet also sold rocket shaped products to celebrate Chinas astronaut in space. External environmental analysis Environmental analysis identifies all the external forces which affect performance of business. It evaluates macro environmental factors. It focuses on the factors which influences profitability of bakery industries. The companies have to make changes in the organisation to stay competitive in the environment (Combe, 2014). Opportunities: Opportunities are the chances to grow. The business can make development by using opportunities. The companies can expand its operations in other countries. BreadTalk can also diversify into some retail brands such as clothing, footwear and accessories. The companies can expand via acquisitions than setting up a new venture (Saari, 2017). BreadTalk has got success in expanding business this way. It is a better way of expansion in the Singapore economy. Threats: The company can avoid threats once its known to the facts which can be harmful. It can be in the form of competition from strong players. The rules and regulations of the economy are also threat as it constrains the activity of business. At the same time, entry of new companies has also created intense competition. The BreadTalk has competition from small bakeries like Crystal jade and Koufu. The market and growth in Singapore economy also become saturated due to its small size (Islam Mamun, 2017). Pestle analysis The dimensions of external environmental are: Political factors: The political environment in supportive in Singapore. It includes political factors such as trade laws, taxation, legislation and training. A company can develop by using these opportunities. There is less number of political riots and many trade laws to protect companies. BreadTalk faced major benefits due to the stability of government. Trade agreement of China and Singapore was also considered favourable for the company (Anderson, et. al. 2015). Economic factors: It includes gross domestic product, unemployment rates, Interest rate, inflation and currency exchange rates. These factors are helpful in influencing the purchasing power of consumers. Inflation also influences the bakery industry in economy by decreasing buying power. The Singapore government has also invested in expanding the economy. So, BreadTalk group got chance to diversify its business. Social factors: The social factors have control on the sales of products. It includes taste, belief, attitude, tradition, ethics, lifestyle and values. The population of Singapore is increasing which results in increasing demand of products. The consumption rate has also increased. The eating habits of people have also changed. Due to busy schedule of people, the demand for bakery items has increased. It has given better opportunity to BreadTalk (Ross, 2016). Technological factors: Technological advancement is the reason behind the change in lifestyle of people. It includes innovation and communication technologies. It has significant role in increasing production and decreasing cost of production. Advancement of technology has important role in the development of Singapore economy. It has improved the method of marketing. The BreadTalk has become successful in incorporating market campaign by the use of technology. Legal factors: These factors affect the business environment. The companies can legally enter into other countrys economy and have to follow regulation of other countries. When a country makes regulation for industries, the companies will be bound to follow. It can be regulations related to product, employment, patent, health and safety. The BreadTalk group has opened franchise in China and follows regulations in that country. Environmental factors: It includes climate changes and natural calamities. There is ministry in the country which works on maintaining air quality and environmental issues. Singapores business environment is relatively healthy (Lanzino Brown Jr, 2014). There are sufficient opportunities to expand existing business. The country has one of the fair judicial systems. The organisations can easily get assistance of government. BreadTalk stopped selling soya milk, as it was repackaged from Yeos packet drink. It was immoral, as it gave the impression that drink was brewed in house. Porter five forces In the porter five force analysis five industry forces are taken to define the intensity of competition. It determines the long run predictions of profitability in the bakery industry (Levanti Klein, 2016). The company can look beyond actions of competitors and can evaluate factors that can affect business environment. Competitive rivalry within an industry: The industry is growing at fast rate in Singapore. BreadTalk group have competitors from massive bakery franchises to individual bakery outlets. These are Four Leaves, Kopitiam, Prima Deli Bakery, Bengawan Solo and Food Junction. These bakeries make available similar products at cheap prices. These food courts have large number of outlets and offers discount cards to regular customers. The prices of massive bakery franchise are comparatively high whereas the prices of individual bakeries are much lower (Albert Beatty, 2014). The group faces competition from the established companies and also the companies which provides innovative products. The competition in the industry is penetrating due to slow growth and exit barriers. The company is also facing competition due to innovations and product variety of rivalries. Threat of new entrants: The new comers in bakery industry find it challenging to deal with competitive market. It is easy to enter in market due to low barriers to entry. But threat of new entrants is high. As the initial capital and the cost of equipment is low and there is less requirement of research and development. The companies in Singapore are adopting product differentiation strategy and effective distribution channel. Due to all these factors there is high level of competition which is threat for new entrants. The bakery industry requires economies of scale. BreadTalk entered in the bakery industry of Singapore in the year 2000. The company has been continuously facing competition such as product differentiation and low cost from other bakeries (Ralph Gupta, 2015). The company is safe in the restaurant and food atria business. As companies does not easily enter due to higher capital outlay and experience is also required for running a restaurant. Threat of Substitute products or services: Substitutes are great threat in the bakery industry of Singapore. As, the prices of substitutes can be relatively lower. As, bakery items of competitor companies are at lower price of BreadTalk. Substitute products can be diverse, out of which inferior products cannot satisfy needs of consumers. Like Four Leaves bakery is threat for the BreadTalk because of the similarity in products. The former one follows the strategy of providing quality goods and services. Bargaining power of Suppliers: Suppliers have low bargaining power in the Singapore bakery industry due to availability of large number of suppliers. The suppliers can easily drive the price of products as customers purchase in bulk. The suppliers cannot hike price of products as the customers are bakeries and restaurants (Christopher, Laasch Roberts, 2016). The ingredients also do not vary in quality and lowers bargaining power. The group believes in effective relationship with suppliers because of their intensive buying power. There is diverse distribution channel of products. Bargaining power of customers: Buyers enjoy huge bargaining power in the bakery industry at Singapore as they have multiple choices. The competitors in the bakery industry sell products at competitive prices. The demand for bakery items is highly price elastic. The customers are sensitive to high prices. The taste and preference of consumer changes as they have multiple choices and it also varies according to the adjustments in prices. During inflation, the buyers shift to the affordable and cheap alternatives. Evaluation of industry analysis: The buyers are having strong position in the market along with strong threats from the substitute products, low entry barriers and rivalry among competitors. The bakery industries in Singapore are viewed as attractive with significant profit margins (Stewart, 2014). Recommendations The organisation implements strategies such as Porters generics strategy to avoid problems, gain competitive advantage and to acquire position in market. The strategy has certain aspects such as: Low cost: The high cost is the problem faced by the organisation. The prices of BreadTalk are more than the competitors. The company needs to produce products at low cost while applying cost leadership in the organisation. To keep the cost low of raw materials, the company considers purchasing over dairy and wheat farms. This strategy can be achieved by lowering prices in the target market. There are three main ways to implement strategy such as by achieving high asset utilisation, low operating costs and control over value chain. This strategy is helpful in generating profit and the consumers are getting benefit out of it (Wilkinson, Wood Demirbag, 2014). Differentiation: Differentiation is unique characteristic of products. It helps to lead in the market. Such products are valued by customers. It is used for the development of products and offers distinctive attributes. BreadTalk needs to pay attention to the contributing factors to deal bargaining power of customers in market. The factors contributing in retail shops can be decoration, product packaging and attitude of staff. The BreadTalk can display motif on outlets, the matching motif on the packaging boxes of cakes and buns and conducting giveaway activity on weekends. Balloons identical to motifs can also be given free to customers with kids. This strategy helps company to charge premium price for products (Snyder, 2014). Focus on target market: It focuses on the particular part of the market. This strategy is appropriate for BreadTalk as it avoids competition with big companies. The company makes use of this strategy by focusing on the target market (Buono, 2015). It develops specified products for the particular segment of society. These are developed according to the need of customers. Such products help in building customer loyalty and are less attractive to competitors. Innovations: The company focuses on innovations to increase market share. BreadTalk produces products according to resource and capabilities of the firm. The company innovates in differentiation. It helps in gaining competitive advantage and customer loyalty. The company doing innovation offers products at high prices because of no availability of substitute products (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). BreadTalk can strengthen itself and can ignore competition by making use of innovations. As less investment is sufficient, so the company can more produce such products in order to avoid wastage. Conclusion From this report it can be concluded that BreadTalk held a competitive position in the market. The external analysis of company has helped to gain a major position in the market due to factors like opportunities, threats, legal, political, technological, economic and social. The company is also facing economy slowdown due to competitive strategy of other companies. BreadTalk has set itself as an established organisation today by using conventional business techniques. The organisation pays attention to environmental changes by constantly innovating and focusing market trends. It meets and satisfies the demand of customers by making use of PESTLE analysis. The organisation makes use of porter analysis to remain competitive in the market. On the other hand Four leave bakery is threat for the company. The competitor company produces products at similar prices. The company also follows porter generic strategies to avoid problems and acquire position in the market. The organisation focuse s on these aspects for the efficient operations. Core competency and expertise in food of the BreadTalk ensures greater accomplishment. Now days the company emphasizes on corporate level strategy to bring positive growth in revenue. The strategies implemented in organisation ensure to bring more success. References Albert, M., Beatty, B. J. (2014). Flipping the classroom applications to curriculum redesign for an introduction to management course: Impact on grades.Journal of Education for Business,89(8), 419-424. Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Buono, A. F. (2015). An Introduction to Management Consultancy.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(1), 144-147. Christopher, E., Laasch, O., Roberts, J. (2016). New approaches to introduction to management courses.Journal of Management Education,40(3), 359-361. Combe, C. (2014).Introduction to management. Oxford University Press. Islam, F. R., Mamun, K. A. (2017). Possibilities and Challenges of Implementing Renewable Energy in the Light of PESTLE SWOT Analyses for Island Countries. InSmart Energy Grid Design for Island Countries(pp. 1-19). Springer International Publishing. Lanzino, G., Brown Jr, R. D. (2014). Introduction: Management of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Neurosurgical focus,36(1), Introduction. Levanti, G., Klein, L. (2016). Introduction to the JOTSC Special Issue on Leveraging Organizational Change and Knowledge Management to Address Environmental Complexity. Ralph, R., Gupta, U. G. (2015).An Introduction to Management Information Systems. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.. Ross, D. F. (2016).Introduction to e-supply chain management: engaging technology to build market-winning business partnerships. CRC Press. Saari, M. (2017). Choosing the Right Entry Mode to Practice Supply of Spare Parts in Singapore. Snyder, R. A. (2014). Lets burn them all: Reflections on the learning-inhibitory nature of Introduction to Management and Introduction to Organizational Behavior textbooks.Journal of Management Education,38(5), 733-758. Stewart, P. M. (2014). Section Introduction: Emergent Management of Adrenal Disorders. InEndocrine and Metabolic Medical Emergencies: A Clinician's Guide(pp. 155-158). The Endocrine Society. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Wilkinson, A., Wood, G., Demirbag, M. (2014). Guest editors introduction: People management and emerging market multinationals.Human Resource Management,53(6), 835-849. Ying, M., Hongcui, W. (2015). Optimization for framework design of new product introduction management system.

SOCIAL SECURITY PRIVATIZATION Essays - Income Distribution, Economy

SOCIAL SECURITY PRIVATIZATION Christian De Church Professor Zeck Micro-Economics When President John F. Kennedy said Americans would be the first to walk on the moon, incompetent people said it could not be done. NASA's technology lagged years behind Russia's and the Russians never did put a man on the moon. But Neil Armstrong's one small step made the dream reality. When it comes to visionary social policy, beware of those incompetent people who would reject a great plan simply because it means doing something for the first time. Take the farsighted idea of transforming our troubled Social Security system into a system of personal accounts. Conservative estimates show that workers who invested their payroll taxes in personal accounts would get 3 to 5 times more retirement income than Social Security provides (http://www.socialsecurity.org/pubs/articles/dao-12-02-98.html). The Cato Institute has a long history of seeking alternatives to the current Social Security system. Since 1979 the Cato Institute has published more than 40 books, articles, and reports outlining the program's problems and crafting innovative policy solutions. Founded in 1977, the Cato Institute is a nonpartisan public policy research foundation headquartered in Washington D.C. The Institute is named for Cato's Letters, libertarian pamphlets that helped lay the philosophical foundation for the American Revolution (http://www.cato.org/about/about.html). The Cato experts examine the problems facing our current system, the methods that can be used to move towards a system of personal retirement accounts, and the effects that a new system would have on American workers (http://www.socialsecurity.org/about/about.html). On August 14, 1995 the Cato Institute launched its Project on Social Security Privatization, the largest undertaking in the organization's history. The objective of the project is to formulate a viable blueprint for privatizing the Social Security system. Rather than paying tax es into a government-owned fund, workers should be allowed to redirect their payroll taxes into individually owned, privately invested accounts, similar to 401(k) plans and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA). But skeptics, fearful of change, have attempted to smother the infant in the crib by latching onto the issue of the administrative costs. Imagine, they say, the logistical nightmare, the paperwork, of managing 140 million individual accounts. "No system to date has the capacity to administer such a system," said the Employee Benefit Research Institute. To be sure, no one knows exactly what the costs will be, but we have plenty of experience with a variety of retirement programs that indicates that we have no need to worry (http://www.socialsecurity.org/pubs/articles/dao-12-02-98.html). Rockets scientists did not know exactly how to put a man on the moon in 1965 either, but it did not take them very long to figure it out. Economic and financial experts have the knowledge, expe rience, and foresight to overcome the hurdles that are inevitable with any new programs. This current system is acting as a drag on economic growth in two important ways. First, the payroll tax distorts the supply of labor and the type of compensation sought by workers. These losses are inevitable because of the low return implied by the pay-as-you-go character of the unfolded Social Security system. Second, the system reduces national savings and investment. But even if Social Security's financial difficulties could be fixed by raising taxes or cutting benefits, the system would still need to be reformed because it is a bad deal for most Americans. Social Security simply costs too much and pays too little. Social Security's rate of return on payroll taxes is a dismal 2 percent and declining (http://www.socialsecurity.org/faqs.html). Privatizing Social Security, transforming it from an unfolded pay-as-you-go system to a system of private savings accounts, would solve both of these problems and increase economic growth. Conservative assumptions imply that Social Security privatization would raise the well being of future generations by an amount equal to 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) each year as long as the system lasts. Although the transition to a funded system would involve economic as well as political costs, the net present value of the gain would be as much as $10-20 trillion (http://www.socialsecurity.org/pubs/ssps/ssp7es.html). Women are known to be disproportionately dependent on Social Security benefits in their old age and because of longer life expectancy and employment patterns, an elderly woman is twice as likely to be living in poverty as is an elderly man. Although the Social Security