A Vogadro Essay Research Paper A vogadro free essay sample

A Vogadro Essay, Research Paper A vogadro was born on June 9, 1776 in Turin, Italy. He began his calling in 1796 by obtaining a doctors degree in jurisprudence and practicing as a attorney for three old ages after. In 1800, he began to take private lessons in mathematics and natural philosophies and decided to do the natural scientific disciplines his profession. He was appointed as a demonstrator at the Academy of Turin in1806 and the Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of Vercelli in 1809, and in 1820, he was appointed the professor of mathematical natural philosophies. He was a natural philosophy professor but he besides experimented in chemical science utilizing mathematics to establish most of his findings. Avogadro is good known for his hypothesis known as Avogadro # 8217 ; s Law. His jurisprudence states that at a given temperature, equal volumes of gas contain the same figure of molecules equal to about 6.0221367 tens 10 to the 23rd power. We will write a custom essay sample on A Vogadro Essay Research Paper A vogadro or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A Mole of a substance is the measure of the substance that weights the same as its molecular mass. One mole of any substance is Equal to Avogadro # 8217 ; s figure. Therefore Avogadro # 8217 ; s jurisprudence can be stated in footings of moles, viz. that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and force per unit area contain the same figure of moles. Thankss to Avogadro and his figure, scientists can mensurate out equal figure of molecules by weighing out an equal figure of moles. For gases this can be done by utilizing 22.4 litres at STP ( 1 atmosphere and 223 Kelvin, 0 deg. Celsius ) . Avogadro # 8217 ; s figure is most faithfully determined by X-ray diffraction of crystals. For many old ages # 8217 ; people thought the figure was equal to about 6.022045 tens 10 to the 23rd power, However, in 1986 the figure was redefined as approximately 6.0221367 tens 10 to the 23rd power.Albert Einstein # 8217 ; s 3rd research paper was concerned with the nature of molecules. We all know that if we drop a ball of sugar into H2O it diffuses through the H2O, doing it slightly more gluey. Thinking of H2O as a structureless fluid and the sugar molecules as little difficult domains, Einstein was able to happen non merely the size of the sugar molecules but besides a value for Avogadro’s figure. Avogadro proposed his hypothesis in 1811. At that clip there was no information at all on the figure of atoms in a mole. Measurements were made by Robert Brown in 1827 that gave an approximative value for Avogadro’s figure by observations of brownian gesture. Cannizarro subsequently used Avogadro’s hypothesis to develop a set of atomic weights based on 116 of the weight of O. This was a footing for happening much more accurate estimations for Avogadro’s figure. Reasonable values were made in the late 1800’s from deposit equilibrium of colloidal atoms. Millikan’s oil bead experiment in the 1900’s gave even more truth and was cited in most chemical science text books 50 old ages ago. Text books in 1958 gave Avogadro’s figure a s 6.02 x10 to the 23rd. The current value is 6.0221367?10 to the 23rd power. Amedeo Avogadro proved to be one of the greatest scientists to of all time populate. If it had non been for Avogadro and his findings there is no manner that Chemistry in general would be where it is today. Avogadro’s work was recognized about 50 old ages after he had made his hypothesis. Two old ages after his decease, his co-worker showed how they could utilize Avogadro’s figure to work out many of the jobs in chemical science. Avogadro’s work besides helped other scientists to work out more jobs and develop more theories. Bibliography: Asimov, Isaac, A Short History of Chemistry ( 1965 ; repr. 1979 ) ; Morselli, Mario, Amadeo Avogadro ( 1984 ) ; -Partington, J. R. , A History of Chemistry, vol. 4 ( 1964 ) Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants ( 1980 ) ; Rossini, F. D. , Fundamental Measures and Constants for Science and Technology ( 1974 )

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks Free Online Research Papers Two historical figures that I think are very important are Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. These historical figures have many things in common, but they also have their differences. One main thing they had in common was that they were both brave enough to take some actions to change the way of living for the better. Their main goal was to stop the horrible segregation that was occuring in the mid 1900s. Their brave actions were successful and they had a huge impact on the U.S. They had different ways of taking their actions but either way they were a big help to the many other African Americans that experienced segregation of public facilities at that time. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Rosa Parks, whos birth name is Rosa Louise McCauley, was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They were both raised a little different. King had the advantage of being raised by both his mother and father, while Parks parents seperated when she was young. They also recieved very different educations. King recieved a solid education and even attended College. Parks didnt have the chance to even finish High School. She had to drop out as a Junior in High School because since her mother and her were living with her grandparents, Parks had to leave school to attend to her sick grandmother. After that she never returned and instead got a job at a shirt factory in Montgomery. She soon married a barber named Raymond Parks who was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With his support, Parks finished her high school degree in 1933 and became one of the leaders of the NAACP. Both historical figures had the goal of ending segregation but they had different motivations. Rosa Parks motivation was that she was tired of having to give up her seat to white passengers in public buses. At that time the city code required that all public transportation be segregated and that bus drivers had the power of a police officer to carry out the provisions of the code. African Americans had to sit at the back of the bus while whites sat in the front. If the bus got too crowded, African Americans had to give up their seat for any standing white people. Rosa Parks wanted to put a stop to this and on December 1, 1955, she did. On that day she had a long day of work at the Montgomery Fair department store. She boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus for home. The bus had became crowded so the bus driver ordered her to get up and give her seat to a white person. Rosa parks refused to so she was arrested and found guilty at trial. After learning about her arrest, other members of the NAACP began to organize a boycott of Montgomerys city buses. All African Americans stood off the buses and instead found other ways of transportation. This boycott was a success and it crippled the transit companys finances. The city of Montgomery now had no choice but to lift the law requiring segregation on public buses. These legal actions with the help of the African American community made the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott one of the largest and most successful movements against racial segregation in history. Martin Luther King Jrs motivation was his summer experience in the North before he started college. He was shocked by how peacefully the races mixed in the North. This experience deepened his growing hatred of racial segregation. After marrying Coretta Scott in 1953, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott started, after Rosa Parks arrest, King was elected the leader. He was well-trained and since he was new in town, he didnt have any enemies and was well respected. Although his home was desroyed and his familys safety was threatened, he continued to lead the boycott and one year and a few weeks later, the citys buses were desegregated. He didnt stop there, he then organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King lectured in all parts of the country and discussed race-related issues with civil-rights. His most famous was the I Have A Dream speech. In late October he was arrested with 33 young people protesting segregation at the lunch counter in an Atlanta department store. King was released only with the help of a Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. As King had hoped, all these actions together had a strong effect on national opinion and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act authorized the federal government to enforce desegregation of public accommodations and outlawing discrimination in publicly owned facilities and in employment. Aside from these differences, these two historical figures have many similarities. They were both raised during the time of racial segregation. They experienced so much hatred from these racist white people. This encouraged both of them to stand up and demand their rights as citizens. They were both important members of the NAACP and they actually worked together too. They did all they needed to do to get their freedom. Their actions placed both of them in jail but once they were out they continued to work even harder for their freedom. They were both big parts in the ending of segregation. Even after their death , they were both known as very respected and loved individuals. 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Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Organizational Leadership - Essay Example This argument further leads us to the role of emotions in leading the organizations and how leadership, coping with the emotions, can carve out success for the organization on the competitive arena. This also important because of the fact that following shame and other emotions, leadership can effectively help organizations to the face the reality not about themselves but of their competition too. The argument regarding the shame within the organizational context is also important in the sense that shame has the tendency to motivate organizations to hide their vulnerabilities therefore making them weaker by avoiding truth about themselves. A good leader therefore needs to have the guts and the courage to face reality about the present circumstances of the organization which he or she is leading. The role of emotions and shame within the context of leadership therefore encompasses many different variables such as the role of the leader in organization and the personality of the leader and how the leadership can help achieve the realization for the organization to face the reality about itself. In order to explore the question of where does the leadership come from, it is necessary to understand the actual meaning and structure of leadership. In psychology the phenomenon of leadership has traditionally been associated with in-group dynamics of social interactions. In any group, regardless of its size, members differ in their degree of social influence over one another: " the person who exerts the most influence on the rest of the group thus affecting group beliefs and behaviour is usually addressed as leader" (Hollander, 1985: 14). This definition of leadership allows the reader to grasp the essence of leadership, but it is only one of the numerous of definitions that have been proposed in the literature. Thus, the second edition of The Handbook of Leadership by Bass lists more than 130 definitions of leadership (Bass, 1985: 12). Absence of agreement amongst the scholars is partially due to different methods employed to explore the phenomenon, partially due to the different objectives pursued by scholars who define leadership, and partially due to the variations in theoretical approaches. Thus, Bass (1985) specifies 13 major approaches: leadership as the focus of group processes, as personality attribute, as the art of inducing compliance, as an exercise of influence, as a particular kind of act or behaviour, as a form of persuasion, as a power relationship, as an instrument of goal achievement, as an emerging effect of group interaction ('leadership exists when it is acknowledged or conferred by other members of the group), as a differentiated role, as the initiation or maintenance of role structure, or as some combination of all these approaches (pp. 6-10). One of the earliest approaches to understanding leadership was to search for personality traits that caused some people and not others to become leaders. As a result, early definitions (beginning and first half of the 20th century) tended to view leadership as an innate personal quality of the leader, in line with such highly individual qualities as sense of humour, persistence, or piety. Following this tradition, researchers specified certain traits that made leaders. Some of these were

Malpractices during Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Malpractices during Elections - Essay Example Hans Von Spakovsky argues that in order to ensure a democratic election process, the election board and authorities should ensure safety and security just before elections, during the election and after the election. He argues that this encompasses preparations made before voting that include ensuring that there is a credible voters register, ensuring that during voting process all legible people are allowed to vote peacefully and ensuring that the vote counting is conducted with a lot of integrity. Hans acknowledges that the use of IDs by voters can help in curbing election irregularities that may occur as a result election malpractices. He points out that use of IDs can to a certain extent deter people from impersonating other voters, prevent illegible people from voting and prevent people from casting their votes in more than one state or region. Hans argues that unless the use of voters IDs is launched then it will be futile trying to charge those caught in voters’ fraud. This is because of lack of sufficient proof to charge those caught committing election crimes. Hans further argues that fears by a section of the public that use of IDs would result in lower voter turnout are baseless. He justifies his sentiments by arguing that almost all American adults have IDs and those without can easily acquire them with ease. He backs up his sentiments by pointing out that during the 2008 presidential primary elections, Georgia one of the states in the USA with existing strict voter ID laws registered the highest of voters (Louis 407). Therefore Hans concludes by stating that voter identification is one logical way that can be employed in the USA to prevent election irregularities and hence ensuring a democratic election process that most Americans deserve. Contrary to arguments put forward by Hans that voter fraud is real in the USA and voters IDs can be used to curb down on these irregularities, Chandler Davidson argues that identification cards cannot elim inate fraud if at all exists. He instead argues that trying to impose the use of IDs is discriminative and would result in lower voter turnout because minority groups such as the elderly might not take part in the elections. Edward Foley, on the other hand, argues that both arguments presented by conservatives and liberals are logical and therefore should be addressed cautiously. He asserts that identification of voters can be discriminative to a certain degree and therefore may have an influence on the voter turnout and at the same time it can be used to a certain extent to address issues related with voters’ fraud. He instead proposes that a more valid and logical way that can be used to ensure democracy in elections is by employing the use of digital technology. Ha argues that voters should be allowed to present digitized photos of themselves at the voting venue. This he argues can be used to confirm the true identity of the voters. He argues that a digital photo can easil y be obtained therefore fears that use of drivers license, passports or other forms of IDs could be a burden to some people won’t arise. He further proposes that for absentee voters they could email a copy of their digitized photo alongside their ballot to help in confirming identity. This could help in eradicating fraud among the citizens who may not personally go to the polling stations (Louis 413).  

Imaginative Staffing as New Yorks Temporary Services Firm Essay

Imaginative Staffing as New Yorks Temporary Services Firm - Essay Example Team selling can be defined as utilizing the full resources of a company to sell an account through all their relevant decision makers (Waterhouse Group, 2007). Imaginative Staffing should incorporate a team selling system. This system will bring more flexibility to the sales force. Employees will benefit from the feedback they can provide to each other. A sales representative assigned to a major account will be able to provide the client with more customer support and the lines of communication will open up. Such an environment will be enhanced the relationship and increase in sales should follow. The sales team in Imaginative Staffing should include all the employees. Direct involvement from the CEO, the CFO, and the sales director during the presentation are necessary, especially if the potential client is big. In order to successfully implement the new team sales system, the company needs to provide training for its employees. The appropriate training modality for this company is a combination of initial and recurrent training. Initial training should be provided to the CFO, the administrative assistants and to the receptionist. These employees probably have limited exposure and experience working in sales. A standardized training program is the most suitable solution for them. The sales director should provide the training. Some of the methods the sales director can utilize are lectures, discussion, and web-based training. The sales representatives, account managers, the sales director, and the CEO need a recurrent training program. The most appropriate way to provide recurrent training is through decentralized training. Decentralized training includes activities such as: It is essential to establish clear objectives when designing a training program. Three important elements to take into consideration when designing a training program are: reinforcing skills learned, assessing training needs, considering buyers preferences.

Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia

Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia Disease classification Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus happen when body does not capable to use insulin efficiently or the insulin is not produce more enough in a person blood. According to Kowalczyk N (2013), this syndrome is related with chronic hyperglycemia in combination with glucose intolerance and alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There is certain test to indicate the presence of this syndrome. Usually patient undergo blood glucose levels test, before the patient take this test, they need to fast 12.00 mid night, the normal blood glucose levels range from 70 to 120 mg/dL, but if the blood glucose levels is greater than 126 mg/dL it is show that patient might have Diabetes Mellitus syndrome. According to Kishore,P (2013), Pancreas released a hormone called Insulin which controls the amount of glucose in the blood. The pancreas is stimulated by glucose in the bloodstream. Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells. Inside the cells glucose can transformed to energy, which is used instantly or the glucose is stored as fat glycogen until it is required. Insulin production is related with the levels of glucose, when the glucose in blood is high the insulin production increases, once the levels of glucose in the blood come back to normal, insulin production will decreases, normal blood glucose levels for healthy people is about 70 to 120 miligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Symptoms and complications of diabetes happen when the body does not generate enough insulin to move the glucose into the cells or if the cells stop responding normally to insulin, the consequential high levels of glucose in the blood and the insufficient amount of glucose in the cells together produce the symptoms and complications of diabetes. There were three types of diabetes mellitus, Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a genetic disorder and can be classify as an autoimmune disease, this disease also know as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes, according to Kowalczyk N (2013) diabetes mellitus type 1 is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, these young individuas produce little to no insulin because of an autoimmune disease of the pancreatic B cells and are insulin dependent from a young age. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of cases of diabetes worldwide which is stated by The Health on the Net (HON) (2014). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes mellitus type 2 is categorized as insulin resistant diabetes with an insufficient secretion of insulin. Type 2 dibetes mellitus is more common than type 1 and the risk of developing this type increases with age, especially after the age of 40 years. It is also more prevalent in women than in men which are stated by Kowalczyk N (2013). According to Wisse B (2014) type 2 diabetes happen when insulin is not been respond correctly by fat, liver and muscle cells, this is called insulin resistance, therefore blood sugar or glucose does not get into these cells to be stored for energy. When sugar cannot go into cells, a high level of sugar builds up in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia Gestational Diabetes This type affects females during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is caused when insulin receptors do not function properly, and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in increasingly rising levels of glucose. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can elevate the risk of problems during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than he/she should be. Disease process Etiology Generally the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is unknown. A number of descriptive theories have been put forward, and the cause may be one or more. One of the causes is autoimmune disease. This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue, an infection causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin in which destruction or damaging of the beta cells, beta cells is special cells that produced insulin hormone in the pancreas. According to Wisse B (2014) Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy. Without sufficient insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. This increase glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia, therefore body is unable to use the glucose for energy. Genetics is one of the causes, according to American Diabetes Association (2014) if you are a man with type 1 diabetes; the chances of your child developing diabetes are 1 in 17. If you are a woman with type 1 diabetes and your child was born before you were 25, your childs risk is 1 in 25, if your child was born after you turned 25, your childs risk is 1 in 100. Your childs risk is doubled if you developed diabetes before age 11. If both you and your partner have type 1 diabetes, the risk is between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4. Another cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is viruses that might promote autoimmunity. According to American Diabetes Association (2014) A significant number of viruses have been associated with type 1 diabetes, including enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus B , but also rotavirus, mumps virus, and cytomegalovirus . Rubella virus has been suggested to cause type 1 diabetes, but so far only congenital rubella syndrome has convincingly been linked with the disease. The prime viral candidates for causing type 1 diabetes in humans are enteroviruses. Type 2 diabetes mellitus generally causes from the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is produced, as we know insulin resistance. According to Khardori. R (2014) Type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex relations between environmental and genetic factors, environmental factor is including lifestyle for example (excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity), high body mass index (BMI) increases risk for diabetes. In addition, an in utero environment consequential in low birth weight may influence some individuals to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infant weight velocity has a small, indirect effect on adult insulin resistance. In addition about 90% of obese patient develop type 2 dibetes mellitus. According to Winter S (2014). Second diabetes mellitus type 2 causes is by genetic, diabetes mellitus type 2 strongly has a hereditary component. However not everyone who carries a mutation will get diabetes. Gestational Diabetes type affects females during pregnancy. The cause’s gestational diabetes according to Mayo Clinic (2014) during pregnancy, the placenta, which connects your baby to your blood supply, produces high levels of various other hormones. Almost all of them impair the action of insulin in your cells, raising your blood sugar. As your baby grows, the placenta produces more and more insulin-blocking hormones. In gestational diabetes, the placental hormones provoke a rise in blood sugar to a level that can affect the growth and welfare of your baby. Gestational diabetes usually develops during the trimester. Pathogenesis According to Nucleus Medical Media (2014) Pathogenesis for diabetes mellitus type 1 is summaries that beta cells in the pancreas lose their ability to produce insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.In type 1 diabetes, your immune system, specifically your white blood cells, mistake your pancreatic beta cells for foreign invaders.In an autoimmune response, your white blood cells secrete auto antibodies that destroy your own beta cells.As a result, your pancreas produces little or no insulin.Without insulin, glucose cannot get into your cells, so they are starved for the calories they should be receiving from glucose.In addition, the glucose level builds up in your bloodstream, resulting in a condition called hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus type 2 usualy caused by obesity and physical inactivity, Diabetes mellitus type 2 is categorized as insulin resistant diabetes, it commonly referred to as the metabolic syndrome according to Hannele Yki-JÃ ¤rvinen (2011) Insulin resistance can be defined as the inability of insulin to produce its usual biological actions at circulating concentrations that are effective in normal subjects. In addition pathogenesis diabetes mellitus type 2 happen when beta cells of the pancreas are no longer capable to meet the body’s requirement for insulin. Hyperglycaemia therefore develops earlier in the course of beta cell failure, and in association with a greater beta cell mass, in insulin-resistant compared with insulin-sensitive individuals. The relative importance of reduced secretion of insulin and increased demand insulin resistance ranges along a range from one individual or population to the next. Pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. According to Manda A, when pregnant, human body will produce several hormones. Some pregnancy hormones disrupt the usual function of insulin by interfering cell signalling pathways. In the bloodstream insulin will stimulates fat tissue and skeletal muscle cells to absorb glucose. Because of presence insulin resistance the process uptake of blood glucose is prevented as a result the blood sugar level remains high. In the pregnancy glucose usually present in the blood stream in the placenta through the Glucose transporter 1 (GLU1) carrier to reach the fetus. If not been treated, amount of insulin develop by the fetus will increase, then the baby born larger body than is normal. After baby born the excess of glucose through placenta is done. However, the insulin production still increased it may lead to low blood glucose levels or hypoglycaemia. Manifestation According to Kishore P (2013), The types of diabetes have very related symptoms. The first symptoms are related to the direct effects of high blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose level rises above 160 to 180 mg/dL, glucose spills into the urine. When the level of glucose in the urine rises even higher, the kidneys excrete additional water to dilute the large amount of glucose. Because the kidneys produce excessive urine, people with diabetes urinate large volumes frequently. The excessive urination creates abnormal thirst. Because excessive calories are lost in the urine, people may lose weight. To compensate, people often feel excessively hungry. Other symptoms include blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea, and decreased endurance during exercise. Significant Lab Tests There are severe test can done to demonstrate diabetes mellitus (DM). According to Mayo Clinic (2014), the common test done is Glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Test this blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin youll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal. However If the A1C test results arent consistent, the test isnt available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate — such as if youre pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant) — your doctor may use the next tests to diagnose diabetes such as. Random blood sugar test. Fasting blood sugar test. Oral glucose tolerance test

The Trip: Journey To The Center Of Terence Mckennas Inner Self. :: essays research papers

The Trip: Journey to The Center of Terence McKenna's Inner Self. Terence McKenna has become one of the most (in)famous figures in the exploration of psychedelia and its impact on society and technology. Here McKenna espouses his theories on psychedelic mushrooms, virtual reality, shamanism and evolution. This is definitely one of the strangest and most interesting articles I have ever read. At first it seems almost totally incomprehensible and inconceivable, but after reading it over a couple of times with a good dictionary and thesaurus it begins to make sense. In this article McKenna explains one of his trips on magic mushrooms. He describes this trip as â€Å"a virtual reality tour of God's cerebral cortex, hosted by the Lucky Charms leprechaun†. He then goes on to tell how this trip affected his life and how it was such a complete shock that it caused the literal turning inside-out of his intellectual universe. He was knocked off his feet and set himself the goal of understanding this. His quest led him all over the world, exploring traditions of magic-religious drug usage. In the years since his fateful encounter with the self-transforming machine elves of hyperspace, McKenna has fashioned his mental Merzbau on the New Age lecture circuit, where he has earned the benediction of the psychedelic High Priest himself, who dubbed him â€Å"the Timothy Leary of the 90's†. McKenna has written several books as well as having rave bands set his ruminations to billowing techno-trance music. The main focus of this article is on McKenna's theory, which is concocted from psychedelic Darwinism, fringe linguistics, and New Age eschatology. This theory is based on the notion that â€Å"Hallucinogenic plants may have been the catalysts